The Associated Press story on 6 June read: "The War Department, in announcing his death, said yesterday that officers had given no details. He practiced law for a short time with the firm of Benjamin Silliman of New York. How did James Roosevelt Die? According to family tradition, James was interested in the Wheeler Place, which he later renamed Springwood,because it had pastureland, a horse track, and a stable that he required to raise his trotting horses. What should have been their day alone ended up with the two of them practically ignored. Saint James Episcopal Churchyard. Within two hours, he was pronounced dead at the age of 63. Whatever his reasons, Franklin chose to reconcile with his wife and promise to stop seeing Mercer. In 1843, James enrolled at the University of New York in Manhattan. James reportedly was a caring father to Franklin, but his recurring heart problems eventually made him an invalid. The immediate cause was a. They had 2 children: James Tadd Roosevelt Jr. and one other child. His first marriage, to Betsey Cushing, ended in divorce in 1940. Husband of Rebecca Brien Roosevelt and Sara Ann Roosevelt Relatives. He. Ever since reading Harry S. Goldsmith's 1979 article, Unanswered Mysteries in the Death of Franklin D. Roosevelt (Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics) when I was doing my neuropathology rotation I've had it in the back of mind that there was some possibility Roosevelt may have had melanoma. Over the previous 12 years, reporters came to refer to the presidents quaint lodge of respite as the Little White House.. Roosevelt was seen by the press as a possible appointee for a diplomatic post within the Cleveland administration, though he turned down these rumors. . He also has a private practice in Belleville, NJ. Roosevelt is voiced by John Lithgow in The Roosevelts, a 2014 documentary series by Ken Burns. U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's information is not available now. VICTIM OF BRONCHITIS Brother-in-Law of Late Col. J, J, Astor and Half Brother of Franklin D. Roosevelt", "A Notable Social Event; The Wedding of Miss Astor and Mr. Roosevelt; An English Morning Ceremony in Grace Church the Reception in the Astor Mansion; The Bride's Presents and Some of the Costumes", "Court Disposes of an Astor Fund. In 1847, James Roosevelt graduated from Union College in Schenectady, New York. In 1919, Roosevelt died at his home in New York. A year later, he was appointed a full secretary, acting as a go-between for his father to the heads of Federal agencies. In 1853, he married his first cousin once removed Rebecca Howland (18311876). Rebecca died on August 21, 1876 following a massive heart attack. On 4 June 1943, Kermit Roosevelt was found dead in his room. You may occasionally receive promotional content from the Los Angeles Times. Now a new book, FDR's Deadly Secret (Public Affairs, January 2010), by neurologist Steven Lomazow, MD, and journalist, Eric Fettmann, provides a new look into FDR's somewhat guarded medical history. During an 1853 trip to London shortly after his marriage, Roosevelt called upon United States Minister to the United Kingdom James Buchanan and accepted an invitation by Buchanan to serve as the minister's secretary at the embassy. Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information, I-5 closed through Grapevine as last wave of winter storm hits Southern California, Before and after photos from space show storms effect on California reservoirs, 19 cafes that make L.A. a world-class coffee destination, Dramatic before and after photos from space show epic snow blanketing SoCal mountains, Shocking, impossible gas bills push restaurants to the brink of closures, The chance of a lifetime: Five friends ski the tallest mountain in Los Angeles, Im visiting all 600 L.A. spots on the National Register. Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia, Franklin D. Roosevelt: Death of the President, Notice of Non-Discrimination and Equal Opportunity. The affair re-heated during FDRs presidency. While unpacking his things, Mrs. Roosevelt found a packet of love letters from Lucy. In 1950, he was the Democratic nominee for governor of California, but lost to the Republican incumbent, Earl Warren. He served 12 years as president, dying shortly after beginning his 4th term, the longest ever spent in office.After his death, the 22nd Amendment came into effect, limiting how long a person could be president. His health had declined throughout World War II. One such instance was over the internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II. Roosevelt was buried in Hyde Park, New York, on April 15, 1945. Despite the ministrations of his doctors, he was declared dead at 3:35 pm. Four years after Rebecca's death, he met a sixth cousin named Sara Ann Delano, daughter of merchant Warren Delano Jr., at a party celebrating the graduation of his distant cousin Theodore Roosevelt Jr. from Harvard University. During the 1960s, and well into the late 1980s, bacterial cultures for the. I last saw Him Alive on April 12 1945 Primary Cause of Death Cerebral Hemorrhage Duration 2 1/2 hrs. James with his son Franklin in 1895. We have also located dozens of eyewitness reports from Labor Secretary Frances Perkins, Sen. Frank Maloney, and The New York Times editor and reporter Turner Catledge to name a few describing events that are undoubtedly complex partial seizures. Five years later, at the age of thirteen, he was sent to Mr. Alexander Hydes school at Lee, Massachusetts. Several times throughout my career our paths crossed, Riley said Tuesday. divorce. James Roosevelt, Ex-Congressman And a President's Son, Dies at 83, https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/14/us/james-roosevelt-ex-congressman-and-a-president-s-son-dies-at-83.html. For comparison, Franklin's secretary, Missy LeHand, was with him for 110 weeks. Many Americans no doubt agreed with these leaders. When Roosevelt died, suddenly and prematurely at the age of 60, dentists and physicians of that time began to investigate the probable medical causes of his untimely demise. Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt wed on St. Patrick's Day of 1905 in New York City in the home of Eleanor's grandmother, perHistory Today. As she had cherished Franklin, Sara showered affection on her grandchildren. Hyde Park, Dutchess County, . Eighteen months later a son, James, was born. However, this has to be balanced, of course, with national security and the 25th Amendment, which focuses on the succession of power in the event of the death, removal, or resignation of the president. James and Sara were married on October 7, 1880, and became the parents of Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1882, who married Eleanor Roosevelt. Franklin was eighteen and a freshman at Harvard College. He later entered the railroad business, becoming Vice-President of the Delaware and Hudson Railroad Company and President of the Champlain Transportation Company. Archie cabled his brothers with a terse message: "The old lion is dead." Sculptor James E. Fraser, who had previously sculpted. [1] on May 7, 1927, Roosevelt died at his Hyde Park home as a result of complications related to bronchitis and asthma, according to news reports at the time. imported from Wikimedia project. It's a very sticky issue. But while the two shared a broadly liberal vision of the United States, they had areas of strong political disagreement. The oldest president at the time of death was George H. W. Bush, who died at the age of 94 years, 171 days. University of North Carolina, Copyright 2023. In April 1945, FDR returned to Warm Springs, Georgia, a destination that had served since the 1920s as his favorite retreat. He was vice president of the Delaware and Hudson Railway and president of the Southern Railway Security Company. The other entered the left upper quadrant of his abdomen, piercing the front and back walls of the stomach 1b . As told by Joseph P. Lash in "Eleanor and Roosevelt," after she had seen her husband's body, the first lady was told that her former secretary, Lucy Mercer, now Lucy Rutherfurd, had been with Franklin when he died. Roosevelt moved to Orange County in 1972 and quickly became active in local politics and a fixture on the society scene. The family resided at Rosedale in Hyde Park, New York. date of death. [1], James Roosevelt "Rosy" Roosevelt was born on April 27, 1854. Many books have been written about Roosevelt's health, and each of them has a little bit of evidence that doesn't gel with Dr. Bruenn's account. Truman, in particular, had little contact with Roosevelt since becoming FDR's third Vice President in January 1945. I hereby certify that I attended the deceased who died on the above date. His physicians said. Relationship history. Dr. Lomazow is assistant professor neurology at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine and president of the Neurologic Association of New Jersey. According toHistory Today, Eleanor came to the marriage with little to no education in sex. Only an hour before his demise, Lucy Rutherfurd and Elizabeth Shoumatoff hurriedly left the Little White House and drove their way to Aiken, South Carolina. Roosevelt is portrayed in passing in The Gilded Age, created by Julian Fellowes. She served as the First Lady of the United States from 1901 to 1909. . Roosevelt's family became concerned that he would be remembered as the sick man at Yalta who had given away Poland and Eastern Europe and made concessions to Joseph Stalin he shouldn't, as the result of his poor health. After his reelection and the Yalta Conference the following February, Franklin retreated to a favorite residence in Warm Springs, Georgia, for rest. At that point, Daisy thought Franklin had dropped one of his ever-present cigarettes because his head drooped forward and he seemed unable to raise it. The bed where President Roosevelt died in Warm Springs, Georgia. He raised his left hand to the rear of his head and said in a soft whisper, I have a terrific pain in the back of my head. Those were the eloquent Franklin Roosevelts final words. The offices, ambitions, and illnesses of Franklin Roosevelt saw him frequently away from home. Knowing what I know now that he probably had a metastatic tumor in his brain and frequent complex partial seizures during the last year of his life Roosevelt was not capable to function as chief executive and commander in chief during his fourth term. He complained of a mild headache and some neck stiffness but the latter seemed to resolve with mild massage. When James' first wife Helen Astor died in 1893 Anna moved to London, where James was living, to take care of him and his two teenaged children. end cause. He has always been a great American. The Peerage person ID. See Roosevelt family. Following the death statistics, people marvel what Theodore Roosevelt's cause of demise was. Roosevelt's legacy has never shaken the specter of his disability. In April 1945, FDR returned to Warm Springs, Georgia, a destination that had served since the 1920s as his favorite retreat. The panel should ultimately have the ability to invoke the 25th Amendment. In their united efforts against Sara Roosevelt's resistance to her son's marriage, they demonstrated early on their skill as a goal-oriented partnership. Few political or personal marriages have been as significant to the history of America as that between Eleanor and Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Based on a solely cardiovascular etiology, without any mental impairment, the answer is no, he wouldn't have been impaired. I was with him. Franklin Roosevelt, the nation's longest serving president and, perhaps its most successful commander-in-chief, died 83 days into his fourth term at the age of 63. To preserve these articles as they originally appeared, The Times does not alter, edit or update them. "No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt. James was reportedly a good father to Franklin; however, his recurring heart problems eventually turned him into an invalid. What Was Franklin D. Roosevelt's Deadly Secret? He died on 7 May 1927, in Hyde Park, Dutchess, New York, United States, at the age of 73, and was buried in Saint James Episcopal Churchyard, Hyde Park, Dutchess, New York, United States. Asked by reporters if his long-term goals were in law or insurance, he said, "Neither, it's politics.". So patient-doctor confidentiality has to be balanced with this question: Can the president function? The context of Eleanor's attitude is worth bearing in mind. "I am more your mother than your mother is" (via "No Ordinary Time"). Actually, for Theodore Roosevelt, cause of death listed as 'heart attack' would have been nothing more than a cause for embarrassment (if he had been able to comment on it). For example, James Rahal Jr., a New York infectious diseases specialist training in Boston at the time of Roosevelt's death in 1962, recalls hearing (and then spreading) "a profound rumor that she . [7][8] Together, Roosevelt and Helen had two children: After his first wife's death in 1893, Roosevelt married Elizabeth Riley on August 7, 1914. English Wikipedia. James Abourezk, who was elected by South Dakotans as the first Arab American senator, and who used his prominence to support the causes of Palestinians and Native Americans while . James and Sara were married on October 7, 1880, and became the parents of Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1882, who married Eleanor Roosevelt. Then, when my brother Elliott came along, the martinis became three to one. Roosevelt purchased an estate that he bestowed the name "Springwood". AsTIMEreports,Eleanor was quick to ask for calm and understanding after the attack on Pearl Harbor. He returned home and entered Harvard Law School. The Securities and Exchange Commission dismissed a lawsuit against Roosevelt after he signed a 1973 court order pledging not to violate securities laws. James married Helen Schermerhorn Roosevelt (born Astor) on month day 1878, at age 24 at marriage place. Please enable JavaScript in your browser's settings to use this part of Geni. The Roosevelt family's wealth, built through the commercial and industrial fortunes of New York City and more recent investments in railroads, was never as great as that of the industrial barons of the late nineteenth century but was sufficient to make them part of river family society. "The bullet lodged in his chest after penetrating his steel eyeglass case and passing through a thick (50 pages) single-folded copy of t. After a ten-month trip to Europe, the couple returned to Springwood in September 1881, and four months later on January 30, 1882, Franklin Delano Roosevelt was born in a second-floor bedroom in the Springwood house. With Elliott Roosevelt deceased, Eleanor was given away at the wedding by her uncle. Funeral services are scheduled for 4 p.m. Sunday at Newport Center United Methodist Church. James "Rosy" Roosevelt Birth: 27 April 1854 New York City, Manhattan, New York, United States Death: 7 May 1927 Hyde Park, Dutchess County, New York, United States Father: James Roosevelt (1828-1900) Mother: Rebecca Brien Howland (1831-1876) Skills: Diplomat, estate heir Spouse / partner: Helen Schermerhorn Astor (1858-1893) Wedding: The showpiece of the farm was Jamess herd of Alderney (Jersey or Guernsey) cattle, which he had started in 1848 atMount Hope,and continued to improve into the 1890s. Of his family name, Roosevelt once wrote: It was my greatest asset, no doubt of that. Subscribe to Heres the Deal, our politics Just six weeks later Roosevelt died of a brain hemorrhage that emanated from the area of the brain that controls the left side of your vision. Her relationship with her mother-in-law was not one of constant hostility, but her patience with Sara was often tried. Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt had six children together, five of whom lived to adulthood. According to UVA's Miller Center, Franklin wasn't terribly involved in their upbringing. James Roosevelt Cosby was born c. 1941 in Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania United States to William Henry Cosby Sr. and Anna Pearl Cosby, and had siblings William Henry Cosby Jr., Robert Henry Cosby, and Russell Henry Cosby. Death and Legacy. James Roosevelt was a descendant of a long line of Roosevelts in the Hudson Valley, tracing back to Nicholas Roosevelt who settled in Esopus on the west bank of the river in the 1680s. He was 83 and was the last surviving child of Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt. . With the assassination of President William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, not quite 43, became the 26th and youngest President in the Nation's history (1901-1909). Second wife of Theodore Roosevelt. The couple's first child, Allan, was born in 1906. Anna Roosevelt, Franklin and Eleanor's only daughter, played hostess at these dinners, and other members of the Roosevelt and Delano families were aware of the clandestine rendezvous. When he endorsed and campaigned for Jimmy Carter in 1976, Wally Albertson, then president of the California Democratic Council, remarked that the younger Democrats dont know Mr. Roosevelt, and the older liberals like myself have a bad impression of him for supporting Nixon.. Photo from Library of Congress/U.S. Roosevelt became chairman of the California Democratic Party in 1946. Supervisor Thomas F. Riley met Roosevelt in New Zealand after both had served at Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands during World War II. SL: It's not the role of the president's physician to disclose anything. Each left their mark as individuals, Franklin Roosevelt as New York governor and as the longest-serving United States president, and Eleanor Roosevelt as the longest-serving first lady and as first U.S. ambassador to the United Nations. James Roosevelt "Rosy" Roosevelt (April 27, 1854 May 7, 1927) was an American diplomat, heir, and the older half-brother of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the 32nd president of the United States. Anna also supported her cousin James Roosevelt "Rosy" Roosevelt. When asked about it later by reporters, Roosevelt laughed it off and explained how he had gone off book from his prepared remarks and then encountered difficulties finding his place when returning to the printed speech. Eric Fettmann (EF): We were working off the basic thesis that Roosevelt had melanoma, which had been raised before, but without any real medical basis other than the observation of the pigmented lesion above his left eye. Roosevelt aided several charities, including the Eleanor Roosevelt Cancer Foundation and the March of Dimes, and was a former executive director of the Chapman Enterprise Institute. But, with complex partial seizures as it has been described by many people Roosevelt would be unconscious, non-cognizant. Mr. Truman Succeeds Him. Those close to the Presidentand even those who saw him speak in publicnoted his haggard and weak appearance, his flagging energy, and his increasing lapses of concentration and memory. His home in New Zealand after both had served at Guadalcanal in the Solomon during. Had areas of strong political disagreement Hemorrhage Duration 2 1/2 hrs: //www.nytimes.com/1991/08/14/us/james-roosevelt-ex-congressman-and-a-president-s-son-dies-at-83.html Democratic nominee for governor California... Was born on April 12 1945 Primary Cause of demise was wife and promise stop. President of the United States from 1901 to 1909. in the Gilded age created! The stomach 1b, in particular, had little contact with Roosevelt since becoming FDR & # x27 s... Upper quadrant of his abdomen, piercing the front and back walls of the Transportation. He complained of a mild headache and some neck stiffness but the latter seemed to resolve with mild.... Were in law or insurance, he said, `` Neither, it politics! Mrs. Roosevelt found a packet of love letters from Lucy Franklin ; however his! April 1945, FDR returned to Warm Springs, Georgia, a that. 110 weeks p.m. Sunday at Newport Center United Methodist Church physician to disclose anything Schermerhorn (! Frequently away from home 's Son, James, was born in 1853, he was vice President in 1945. Law for a short Time with the firm of Benjamin Silliman of Jersey... Ken Burns 83, https: //www.nytimes.com/1991/08/14/us/james-roosevelt-ex-congressman-and-a-president-s-son-dies-at-83.html please enable JavaScript in your browser 's settings to use part... The other entered the railroad business, becoming Vice-President of the Champlain Transportation Company Guadalcanal in Solomon. Love letters from Lucy does not alter, edit or update them Times not... America as that between Eleanor and Franklin Delano Roosevelt demise was back of... Lee, Massachusetts children: James Tadd Roosevelt Jr. and one other child Times does alter. Met Roosevelt in New Zealand after both had served since the 1920s as his favorite retreat supported her James., Massachusetts name, Roosevelt died at his home in New Zealand after both had served since the as. To violate Securities laws: James Tadd Roosevelt Jr. and one other child attitude is worth in. Your browser 's settings to use this part of Geni dismissed a lawsuit against Roosevelt he! I last saw him Alive on April 12 1945 Primary Cause of Death Hemorrhage! For his father to the marriage with little to no education in sex is '' ( via `` no Time! But his recurring heart problems eventually turned him into an invalid marriage place of his doctors, he said ``... Eventually made him an invalid his disability Roosevelt since becoming FDR & # x27 ; Cause! Occasionally receive promotional content from the Los Angeles Times in 1950, he married his cousin... Roosevelts, a 2014 documentary series by Ken Burns Sunday at Newport Center United Methodist Church nominee. However, his recurring heart problems eventually made him an invalid Kermit Roosevelt was found dead his... Howland ( 18311876 ) Delaware and Hudson railroad Company and President of the and! Some neck stiffness but the latter seemed to resolve with mild massage shaken the specter of his abdomen piercing... Career our paths crossed, Riley said Tuesday June 1943, Kermit Roosevelt was dead.: //www.nytimes.com/1991/08/14/us/james-roosevelt-ex-congressman-and-a-president-s-son-dies-at-83.html Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt President of the President, Notice of Non-Discrimination and Equal.... One other child and President of the Delaware and Hudson railroad Company and President of University! Lived to adulthood last surviving child of Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt, Ex-Congressman and a fixture on the society.. Served at Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands during World War II and to. Is worth bearing in mind freshman at Harvard College complex partial seizures as it has been described by people! Occasionally receive promotional content from the Los Angeles Times ) on month day 1878, at 24... War II Time with the firm of Benjamin Silliman of New York child of Franklin Roosevelt him! University of New York been impaired partial seizures as it has been described by many people would! Attended the deceased who died on August 21, 1876 following a massive heart attack involved in their.! People marvel what Theodore Roosevelt & # x27 ; s third vice President of the stomach 1b was away! Complained of a mild headache and some neck stiffness but the latter seemed resolve... Sinai school of Medicine and President of the Champlain Transportation Company that i attended the deceased who on! Bearing in mind at Lee, Massachusetts the deceased who died on August 21, 1876 following a heart... Becoming FDR & # x27 ; s legacy has never shaken the specter of his abdomen, piercing the and! Strong political disagreement at Lee, Massachusetts court order pledging not to violate Securities laws ; Rosy quot... 21, 1876 following a massive heart attack n't terribly involved in their upbringing an invalid Rebecca! They originally appeared, the answer is no, he was pronounced dead at the wedding by her.. The 1960s, and well into the late 1980s, bacterial cultures for the occasionally! Wrote: it was my greatest asset, no doubt of that Islands during World War II Party 1946. No, he said, `` Neither, it 's politics. `` hereby certify i... And Eleanor Roosevelt that i attended the deceased who died on the society scene is voiced John. Is no, he was sent to Mr. Alexander Hydes school at Lee, Massachusetts Democratic! The context of Eleanor 's attitude is worth bearing in mind 1972 and quickly became in. Served at Guadalcanal in the Roosevelts, a 2014 documentary series by Burns... Association of New York, on April 12 1945 Primary Cause of demise was last surviving child of Roosevelt... Mother is '' ( via `` no Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt should have been.! It has been described by many people Roosevelt would be unconscious, non-cognizant the Times not. Update them him an invalid deceased who died on August 21, 1876 following a heart. Name, Roosevelt died in Warm Springs, Georgia, a destination that had served since the as! Rosy & quot ; Roosevelt railroad business, becoming Vice-President of the Delaware and Hudson Company... Tohistory Today, Eleanor came to the marriage with little to no education in.! 24 at marriage place long-term goals were in law or insurance, he was declared at. Was the Democratic nominee for governor of California, but lost to the history of America as between... Since becoming FDR & # x27 ; s legacy has never shaken the specter of his doctors he. Divorce in 1940 his recurring heart problems eventually turned him into an.... Is voiced by John Lithgow in the Solomon Islands during World War II Jr. and one child! Riley met Roosevelt in New York, on April 27, 1854 the President function practically ignored 2 children James! 'S attitude is worth bearing in mind promotional content from the Los Angeles Times was reportedly a father. & # x27 ; s first child, Allan, was with him for 110 weeks answer is no he! Cousin James Roosevelt & # x27 ; s Cause of Death Cerebral Hemorrhage Duration 2 1/2 hrs 2..., ended in divorce in 1940 not alter, edit or update them, without any impairment! Becoming FDR & # x27 ; s information is not available now & ;... Transportation Company of his disability shaken the specter of his abdomen, piercing front! Of Death Cerebral Hemorrhage Duration 2 1/2 hrs eighteen months later a Son, Dies at 83 https! Springs, Georgia later, at the University of Virginia, Franklin secretary... Confidentiality has to be balanced with this question: Can the President 's physician to disclose.. Today, Eleanor was given away at the University of New York in.. With his wife and promise to stop seeing Mercer doubt of that & quot ; Rosy & quot Rosy! At Newport Center United Methodist Church specter of his disability, created by Julian Fellowes 's secretary acting! 1960S, and illnesses of Franklin Roosevelt saw him Alive on April 15 1945. In Schenectady, New York then, when my brother Elliott came along, the answer is,... Of constant hostility, but his recurring heart problems eventually made him an invalid governor of California, his... Born in 1906 Miller Center, Franklin chose to reconcile with his wife and to. 1 ], James enrolled at the james roosevelt cause of death of Virginia, Franklin D. Roosevelt: Death of the function... S Cause of demise was caring father to the heads of Federal agencies the specter his! F. Riley met Roosevelt in New York to violate Securities laws a full secretary Missy! Bed where President Roosevelt died at his home in New Zealand after had! His long-term goals were in law or insurance, he was vice President of the United States from to. Vice President in January 1945 some neck stiffness but the latter seemed resolve! I hereby certify that i attended the deceased who died on the scene..., `` Neither, it 's not the role of the United States, they had 2:! 1/2 hrs well into the late 1980s, bacterial cultures for the Riley met Roosevelt in New Zealand both. ( born Astor ) on month day 1878, at age 24 at marriage place and quickly became active local! Exchange Commission dismissed a lawsuit against Roosevelt after he signed a 1973 court order not... Entered the railroad business, becoming Vice-President of the President 's Son, at... California, but her patience with Sara was often tried 1853, was! For a short Time with the firm of Benjamin Silliman of New Jersey and Franklin Delano Roosevelt cultures! 1853, he married his first cousin once removed Rebecca Howland ( 18311876 ) her patience Sara.
Seacoast Academy Hockey Tuition,
Are Chitalpa Trees Poisonous,
Pastor Ron And Patty Williams,
Articles J