These talks led to the announcement of an IRA cease-fire in 1997 and, through several setbacks, to a peace pact. Catholic residents, however, largely were excluded from this prosperity, and when the conflict the Irish call "the Troubles" erupted in 1969, the Catholic unemployment rate in some parts of the province topped 30 percent. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! 88. 63554. author(s) t p coogan. The hostility they could face if their identities are revealed in Republican communities means they maintain silence. Republicans also recognise distinctions between particular informers. The continuation of the neither confirm nor deny policy may also simply seek to protect other informer identities and state security today. 100. Members of the Irish Republican Group described the shooting in Derry as a 'military operation' with 'all volunteers returned to base' after a statement was attached to a wall close to the . This week 100 years ago, five brave IRA Volunteers were executed by the Free State authorities. Their violent comrades proceeded to launch a series of bombing campaigns around Northern Ireland and in Britain targeting both military targets and civilian populations. A few reasons can account for these exceptions. One hundred years ago this week, the British spy was caught in what appears to be the Irish Republican Army's only authorized attack on American soil. The IRA is devoted both to removing British forces from Northern Ireland and . For my teachers in the 1970s and '80s, "West Brit" was the worst term of abuse in an Irish-speaking school. The Provisional IRA, often known as the 'Provos', was the most significant Republican paramilitary group of the Troubles. Buy, Sell, and Trade your Firearms and Gear. 25. Sept. 15, 1997: For the first time since Irelands 1922 split, Britain meets with Sinn Fein to negotiate in formal peace talks. The IRAs activities against the British during World War II severely embarrassed the Irish government, which remained neutral. The use of informers was a crucial part of UK intelligence and security strategy against paramilitary groups during the Northern Ireland conflict. Reacting to discrimination against Catholics in the British-ruled province, civil rights marchers engaged in civil disobedience and were met by violent crackdowns from the Protestant-dominated police force, the Royal Ulster Constabulary. Eventually they will decide to leave the U.K. Its a matter of time. Registered in England & Wales No. Dudai, Underground Penality, 384387. The contemporary political consequences of addressing an alleged informers case are important. Units of the IRA were organized to defend besieged Catholic communities in the province and were sustained by support from units in Ireland. ", Provisional Irish Republican Army, Council on Foreign Relations, Bloody Sunday: What happened in Northern Ireland in 1972 and what is the Saville Inquiry?, Evening Standard, https://www.history.com/topics/21st-century/irish-republican-army. Oh yeah and while we are at it, who cares about anything remotely realistic? Today, the IRAs political wing, Sinn Fein, which means "Ourselves Alone" in the Gaelic language, holds various positions within the provincial Northern Irish government. We instead agree more with his view for the conflict period. Empathy towards those claiming coerced recruitment and who did not set-up deaths can emerge. READ MORE: The IRA Assassination of Lord Mountbatten: Facts and Fallout. The case certainly even if unintentionally acted as a reminder about state power too. Nevertheless, some former UK security and intelligence personnel suggest certain informers were criminals and financial nuisances. The thing about the Troubles is that neither side were the good guys. Anthony Braniffs family received a similar apology. Implausible deniability communicates state power to opponents whilst evading public accountability. 111. 116. The more detailed the accounts surrounding alleged or self-confessed informers, the more painful the truth would likely be for all sides. 48. Arguably, the McConville case diverted attention away from investigations against the state such as Bloody Sunday and various collusion investigations including the Rosemary Nelson case.138 It can be seen as being part of preserving the reputation and practises of the state in the past and present. 129. The south descended into civil war over the partition, which cost Collins his life and led to the rise of Eamon DeValera as the president of the new Irish Free State. And it was all for nothing Immoral. But Darcy explains the Court accepted the States argument that meeting the applicants demands would have serious consequences for its intelligence-gathering capabilities and priority to protect informer identities.118 Neither confirming nor denying this case assists Republican narratives about Stakeknifes and the states immorality. Following a 1916 uprising and years of guerrilla war led by the legendary Irish nationalist Michael Collins, the British government decided in 1920 to split up Ireland, which it had ruled for centuries. The case of Northern Ireland and ex-IRA informers demonstrates the difficulty of dealing with the informer legacy post-conflict. It was at this turbulent time, the threshold of the Anglo-Irish war (Black and Tan War, 1919-1920), that the term Irish Republican Army (IRA) arose. In contrast, they maintain informers are rarely ideologically driven and instead are manipulated by British intelligence. In 1997, Sinn Fein leader Gerry Adams apologizes for the bombing. Belfast, Northern Ireland's capital city, is actually one of the safest cities in the U.K. A survey ranked Belfast as the second safest city in the entire U.K. to live in, just behind Birmingham. Conflict over the widespread use of violence quickly led to another split in the IRA. In the century that followed, the original IRA was reorganized, changed and split on multiple occasions, to such a degree that many subsequent paramilitary organisations have been known by that title most notably the Provisional Irish Republican Army, 4.99 1916 Easter Lily Flower Badge. Dudai, Underground penality, 384385. Britain reconstituted these provinces as Ulster or Northern Ireland, and inside the IRA, significant elements rejected this partition and launched a civil war ultimately won by the pro-treaty Irish forces**. We're used to it. Feb 22. Interview with Danny Morrison, 22 May 2012. 84. Ian Phoenix, a senior RUC SB member, for instance, found, and other officers confirm this the vast majority of paramilitary informers, like their counterparts in the ordinary criminal organisations, do it for the money. Aldrich and Cormac, Grey is the new black, 478, 484, 489494. Following revelations about high-level IRA informers, debates about their effectiveness have emerged. Beginning in 1970, the Provos carried out bombings, assassinations, and ambushes in a campaign they called the Long War. In 1973 they expanded their attacks to create terror in mainland Britain and eventually even in continental Europe. The IRA was back in the headlines in 2015 when an investigation into the murder of a former IRA leader revealed that at least some of the organizational structure of the Provisional IRA was still in place. 21. Others hoped that such a conspicuous display of patriotism might put a stop to read more, The United States has long been considered a nation of immigrants, but attitudes toward new immigrants by those who came before have vacillated over the years between welcoming and exclusionary. Neither have they publicly encouraged people to vote for Sinn Fins rivals. Frampton, Agents and Ambushes; Matchett, Secret Victory; Moran, Evaluating Special Branch; Bamford, The Role and Effectiveness of Intelligence in Northern Ireland; Dingley and Kirk-Smith, Countering Terrorism in Northern Ireland. Permission will be required if your reuse is not covered by the terms of the License. 50. 97. At first, the provisional IRA, or "provos" conducted sniper attacks, assassinations, and several small bombings in the province, and appeared to have little public support. The Taliban returned to power in Afghanistan in 2021, twenty years after their ouster by U.S. troops. Sinn Fin leaders Gerry Adams and Martin McGuinness, together with John Hume, head of the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP), sought ways to end the armed struggle and bring republicans into democratic politics. The UK states and IRAs multidimensional approach to dealing with informer legacy has been seen in other contexts. 42. Bodies Found, The Disappeared of Northern Ireland; Body is that of Disappeared Victim, BBC News Online, 20 October 2003; IRA investigation locates grave sites, An Phoblacht, 1 April 1999; Leahy, Intelligence War, 1213, 8384. We also thank all contributors to the research. 74. Irish history is littered with tragic love stories . "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. The Irish Republican Army (IRA) . Formed in 1969 as the clandestine armed wing of the political movement Sinn Fein, the IRA is devoted both to removing British forces from Northern Ireland and to unifying Ireland. We also compare why the UK state engages with some alleged IRA informer legacy cases, and yet ignores others. More than 20 People May Be Prosecuted After Stakeknife Inquiry, Irish Times, 3 October 2019. The Republican prisoners won widespread sympathy among the province's Roman Catholic minority by fasting to support demands to be treated as political prisoners, and refused to wear prison clothing or do prison work. It is a rare occasion where the state officially confirms a person was not informing. Leahy concludes: British intelligence did not win the intelligence war the conflict ended in a stalemate. 87. A dissident Irish Republican Army splinter group is suspected of shooting the detective on Wednesday night after a kids' soccer session at a sports complex in Omagh, about 60 miles (nearly 100 . IRA investigation locates grave sites, An Phoblacht, 1 April 1999. Dudai, Informers, 4046; Leahy, Intelligence War, 3, 198; OToole, Stakeknife, An Phoblacht, 22 May 2003; Lane, Stakeknife story, An Phoblacht, 22 May 2003. Military experience gained from fighting in Syrias civil war and decades of clashes with Israel have made the Iran-backed group stronger than ever, but the biggest threat it faces may be upheaval in its own backyard. Some self-confessed informers allege the state has not fulfilled its obligations. Self-confessed IRA informer Sean OCallaghan states: I had been brought up to believe that the worst thing anybody could do was to become [an] informer.46 Loyalist Protestant paramilitaries, however, also killed and exiled suspected informers.47 Elsewhere, in 2014 alone, Hamas killed twenty-one alleged informers in Palestine.48 Mosab Hassan Yousef, son of a Hamas founder, informed for Israeli intelligence between 1997 and 2007. Al-Shabaab remains capable of carrying out massive attacks in Somalia and nearby countries despite a long-running African Union offensive against the Islamist terrorist group. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. The Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) explodes a bomb in a mall or on a . The IRA conducted attacks until its cease-fire in 1997 and agreed to disarm as a part of the 1998 Belfast Agreement, which established the basis for . Grele, Movement Without Aim, 4041; Lummis, Structure, 274275; Portelli, The Death of Luigi, 119. Feb. 9, 1996:The IRA ends the ceasefire when it bombs the Docklands area of London, killing two and injuring more than 100 people and causing an estimated 150 million worth of damage. Tags: irish-culture, irish-republican-army, irish-american, irish-ancestry, irish-freedom Graphic tees. 10. by 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. 47. 53. February 13, 2023 23. 147. : Irish Republican Army (IRA) informers and dealing with Northern Ireland conflict legacy, 1969-2021, 15-Year Old Bernard Teggert Was Not An Informer, Grey Is the New Black: Covert Action and Implausible Deniability, The Role and Effectiveness of Intelligence in Northern Ireland, Informers, Informants and Information: The Secret History of the 1790s Reconsidered, A Taxonomy of Victims and Perpetrators: Human Rights and Reconciliation in South Africa, The Son Raymond Gilmour Hadnt Seen for 33 Years Tells of His Relief at Death of the Supergrass, UKs Troubles Amnesty Plan Goes Further than Pinochets, Study Says, Government to Introduce Statute of Limitations on Troubles Prosecutions, You Will Be Responsible to the GOC: Stovepiping and the Problem of Divergent Intelligence Gathering Networks in Northern Ireland, 1969-1975, Countering Terrorism in Northern Ireland: The Role of Intelligence, Was the IRA Defeated? They are about past injustices and are not concerned with countering current political opponents. They also tend to have criminal traits.133 The UK state may not engage with certain informer grievances if they know complaints are unfounded. On Easter Monday 1916, Irish nationalists launched an armed revolt against British rule in Ireland. Pat Finucane, 2012, 124; Rosemary Nelson, 2011, 463470. The Irish Republican Army (IRA) is a paramilitary organization that sought to end British rule in Ireland and establish an independent Irish republic. Whether such an approach is suitable is for the reader to decide. Reasons outlined above including self-preservation, protecting current and previous agents and intelligence activities account for this approach. 143. Willie Carlin, a former British Army agent who infiltrated Sinn Fin, was swiftly relocated by British intelligence when his cover was blown in 1985. by Richard Haass Neither group has . I am a bot, and this action was performed automatically. On the other side, Protestant "unionists" held sway, controlled the patronage that doled out government jobs, and remained fiercely loyal to the British crown. Annual Lecture on China: Frayed RelationsThe United States and China, Virtual Event Ignoring these requests potentially risked Sinn Fin losing support. Aging Irish Republican Army terrorists will confess to decades-old atrocities as part of the proposed Irish Truth Process in Northern Ireland, a source told The Sunday Times of London. In Irish law,[2] this IRA was the army of the revolutionary Irish Republic as declared by its parliament, Dil ireann, in 1919. Following a Sinn Fin conference in Dublin in December 1969, the IRA divided into Official and Provisional wings. Leahy, The politics, 296301, 309310. January 31, 2022, How Tobacco Laws Could Help Close the Racial Gap on Cancer, Interactive There were a million Brits born there. 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars. Dudai, Underground Penality, 381384; Dudai, Informers, 378385. PIRA recruitment soared, and the official wing of the organization fell away into obscurity. Republican community perceptions alongside contemporary political considerations influence whether Republican leaders portray an alleged informer as a folk devil. Some self-confessed informers argue publicly that informing was morally justified. Our amendments to the Dudai view equally apply to Hopkins insightful study of informers and Republicans. Other factors include community pressure, legal grey areas,40 and differing perspectives on the motives for an alleged informer raising their case. 1970 length. Their need to maintain local legitimacy and an identification with the local community severely inhibited IRA actions.75 As Leahy argues elsewhere, intergenerational memory, contemporary political agendas and community recollections of the conflict are crucial in influencing how all conflict belligerents approach legacy cases.76 Consequently, Republican community perceptions of different informers in the past and present affect Sinn Fins response. The Real Irish Republican Army (Real IRA, or rIRA) was a republican militant group that operated during and after the Troubles in Northern Ireland. In September 2019, the media claimed a police investigation said the assassination attempt on McGartland was not addressed properly.127 Some former British security force members agree particular informers should be protected. Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? The states adoption of silence with various informer legacy cases suggests it primarily values protecting its contemporary intelligence operations, security and reputation. July 21, 1972: Twenty-plus IRA bombs explode in Belfast, leaving nine dead and 130 injured on what will come to be called Bloody Friday. 3 From Dublin drunk to Burmese monk - the Irishman who became the first western Buddhist monk. By the summer of 1921, Ireland's bid for independence from Great Britain had all but reached an impasse. The states neither confirm nor deny policy helps Republicans continue countering celebrity informer accounts. Divisions between alleged and self-confessed informers over the motives and morality of informing further facilitates this mixed approach. Both engage with certain cases, whilst overlooking others. The Provisional Irish Republican Army. Volunteers must not engage in any other activities whatsoever. A British Army patrol suddenly arrived and arrested the IRA volunteers.106 Bernards sister disputed the IRAs account, particularly because her brother had additional learning needs.107 In 2004, the IRA declared Bernards death was wrong and offered its sincere apologies. May 25, 2022, Article March 6, 1988: Three unarmed IRA members are shot and killed by Special Air Services forces in Gibraltar. Alternate titles: IRA, Provisional Irish Republican Army, Professor of Politics, University of Ulster. 72. Oct. 16, 1998: In recognition of the Good Friday Agreement, John Hume, the Catholic leader of the moderate Social Democratic and Labour Party and Northern Ireland civil rights activist, and David Trimble, leader of Northern Irelands Protestant Ulster Unionist Party, are awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. by Lindsay Maizland Please contact the moderators of this subreddit if you have any questions or concerns. DUP Concern, BBC News Online, 9 November 2012. Answer (1 of 13): Relative peace was only obtained in Northern Ireland when the IRA agreed to a ceasefire. "I hope there will be no more Enniskillen's and I am deeply sorry about what happened in Enniskillen," he tells the BBC. 1. "She opened up the back chanllesl to republicanism. For example, see Leahy, Intelligence War, 4962, 108120, 199248. The Irish Republican Army (IRA) is one of the most controversial terrorist cells in world history. * Editors Note: A previous version of this article erroneously listed the IRA as having been removed from the State Departments list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations in 2000. Although quickly suppressed by the British Army, the rising was a seminal moment in modern Irish history. Barker thanked Gilmour and other agents for helping to save lives.128 DUP MPs also wrote to the Northern Ireland Secretary of State in 2012 demanding Gilmour and other agents receive support.129, Multiple reasons including self-preservation could explain the states (in)action. Cases that might raise questions about ongoing intelligence practises may be overlooked. : Irish Republican Ar . https://static.rasset.ie/documents/news/smithwick-tribunal-final.pdf, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/246867/0802.pdf, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/247461/0947.pdf, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/20457, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/10570, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/22/hamas-executes-suspected-infomers-gaza, https://doi.org/10.1080/02684520500425273, https://thedisappearedni.co.uk/index.php/people-found, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/3208620.stm, https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/jul/08/ira-informer-martin-mcgartland-secret-hearing-mi5, https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/the-son-raymond-gilmour-hadnt-seen-for-33-years-tells-of-his-relief-at-death-of-the-supergrass-35187017.html, https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/raymond-gilmour-abandoned-ira-supergrass-lay-dead-in-his-flat-for-up-to-a-week-35171158.html, https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/government-to-introduce-statute-of-limitations-on-troubles-prosecutions-40651230.html, https://doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2017.1349036, https://doi.org/10.1080/09592310903027132, https://doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2012.697618, https://doi.org/10.1080/14754830601084642, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-20272671, https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/incoming/former-intelligence-agent-kevin-fulton-who-was-born-in-newry-but-now-lives-somewhere-in-the-uk-is-in-hiding-from-the-ira-and-suing-the-british-government-for-a-severance-package-here-the-man-whose-been-described-variously-as-a-nuisance-a-rel-28026822.html, https://www.derryjournal.com/news/gilmour-collapse-1984-trial-against-derry-35-764619, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/13/hamas-amnesty-palestinian-spying-israel, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/19131, https://doi.org/10.1080/09670882.2016.1264097, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/6989698.stm, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/5262, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/16645, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/4724, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-46598765, https://www.irishtimes.com/news/real-ira-claims-responsibility-for-2006-murder-of-denis-donaldson-1.743805, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/10046, https://doi.org/10.1080/13511610.2018.1517299, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/3592, https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/sep/02/former-british-spy-martin-mcgartland-police-report-confirms-shot-by-ira, https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/jan/30/ira-informer-stakeknife-arrested-in-investigation, https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/aug/29/sean-o-callaghan-obituary, http://indiamond6.ulib.iupui.edu:81/paved.html, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-spys-tale-the-life-and-death-of-denis-donaldson-6104526.html, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/15875, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/16686, https://www.irishtimes.com/news/apology-from-ira-for-youth-s-murder-welcomed-1.1161994, https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/more-than-20-people-may-be-prosecuted-after-stakeknife-inquiry-1.4038780, https://sluggerotoole.com/2006/01/18/exiles_cannot_expect_a_welcome_home/, https://www.dannymorrison.com/the-times-of-no-10s-main-murderer/, https://doi.org/10.1080/02684521003588070, https://policinginsight.com/features/interview/operation-kenova-the-pain-for-these-families-has-never-gone-away-says-former-chief/, http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2012/0511/breaking31.html, https://doi.org/10.1285/i20356609v15i1p107, https://www.irishtimes.com/news/o-loan-finds-no-evidence-mcconville-was-a-spy-1.789556, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-49913050, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/1647, http://www.belfastdaily.co.uk/2014/05/26/revealed-mcguinness-legal-threat-over-raymond-gilmour-book/, https://thedisappearedni.co.uk/index.php/missing, https://doi.org/10.1080/02684529708432416, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-51318297, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/1181, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-27235088, https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/w3csy98m, Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing & Allied Health. The use of informers was a crucial part of UK intelligence and security strategy against paramilitary groups during the Northern Ireland conflict.1 In fact, the battle between the UK states informers and Irish Republicans in particular is a reoccurring theme throughout Irish history.2 During the recent conflict, publicly available information shows that overall the UK state recruited hundreds of informers from within Irish Republican (the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) and Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) being the primary Republican groups) and pro-British union Ulster Protestant Loyalist paramilitaries (the Ulster Volunteer Force and Ulster Defences Association as the two main representatives).3 Multiple UK intelligence organisations were involved in recruiting and deploying agents there. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. 2 During the recent conflict, publicly available information shows that overall the UK state . 71. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. Who gives a damn about irish/English conflicts if you are both looking forward to becoming colonies of Pakistan? Mainstream Republicans keep their distance from various celebrity informers. After the end of the Irish Civil War (192223), the IRA was around in one form or another[definition needed] for forty years, when it split into the Official IRA and the Provisional IRA in 1969. In April 2006, he was shot at a remote cottage in Donegal. Republican Sinn Fin (RSF) was formed in 1986 when Sinn Fin announced that, if elected, it would take its seats in the Irish parliament - ending its longstanding policy of abstentionism. 36. Originally from Derry city, he infiltrated and disrupted Republican groups between 1976 and 1984. By the 1960s, however, its activities had dwindled significantly. Throughout much of the 20th century, Northern Irelands shipyards, linen mills, and other manufacturing hubs played an important role in the economy of the British Empire. Ambiguities in international law about the recruitment, permissible actions of and treatment towards informers enable multiple states and paramilitaries to vary how they engage with informer legacy.58 Our detailed case study helps us understand internationally why it remains difficult to deal with informers legacy. While we cannot verify why someone informed, available evidence suggests multiple motives.146 Taylor and Snow investigated factors motivating some Americans to inform for the Soviets. The IRA's purpose was to use armed force . We use cookies to improve your website experience. The name came into popular use after the 1918 election in the British Isles, which registered a huge Irish majority for Irish independence. Mr Gilmour said his false identity did not stand up to scrutiny, he suffered alcoholism and post-traumatic stress disorder because of his work and was left destitute.123, A similar case involves Martin McGartland. 91. In 2002, support for the Good Friday Agreement reached its lowest levels since the document's adoption. A freedom fighter is "a person who takes part in a resistance movement a. The IRA alleged: Eamon Molloy a member of the IRA, was court-martialled in 1975 and found guilty of being an informer. From 1969 until 1997, the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) conducted an armed paramilitary campaign primarily in Northern Ireland and England, aimed at ending British rule in Northern Ireland in order to create a united Ireland. 81. . The fortunes of the IRA waxed and waned after 1970. A leaflet distributed at the time praised the heroism of the republican prisoners. In April 2011, former members of the Provisional IRA announced a resumption of hostilities, and that "they had now taken on the mantle of the mainstream IRA". The IRAs cease-fire ended in February 1996, when a bomb in the Docklands area of London killed two people, though it was reinstated in July of the following year. Since the Smithwick Tribunal was investigating IRA collusion with the Garda in the killing of RUC superintendents, Fultons evidence was always going to be against the IRA, not the state. On rare occasions, the state recognises strategic and political value in revealing information to support its conflict narrative. For Aldrich and Cormac, ambiguity and implausible deniability allow the construction of powerful narratives.42 Building on these authors ideas, we outline how the UK state has ultimate control over secrecy and revelations surrounding IRA informers. Examples include neither confirming nor denying whether someone informed. He was also . Nonetheless, it is worth noting the state in these cases can always argue the intelligence agencies involved in the controversial cases have been reformed, including RUC SB and the Force Research Unit (FRU). March 20, 1993: Two boys, ages 3 and 12 are killed, and another 50-some people were injured, during an IRA bombing at a shopping area in Warrington, England where bombs were placed in trash cans. The longevity of Republican campaigns against British rule has simply produced longer-term hostility towards informers.52. Irish Republican Army (IRA), also called Provisional Irish Republican Army, republican paramilitary organization seeking the establishment of a republic, the end of British rule in Northern Ireland, and the reunification of Ireland.

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